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选择某些生活方式会增加患癌风险。抽烟、女性每天饮酒超过一杯、男性每天饮酒两杯以上、过度暴露在阳光下或经常晒伤起疱、肥胖和不安全的性行为都可能导致癌症。
Cancers ordinarily crop up from an assemblage of mutations and epimutations that confer a selective gain bringing about clonal expansion (see Area defects in progression to cancer). Mutations, nonetheless, may not be as frequent in cancers as epigenetic alterations.
Radiation to the breast minimizes the ability of that breast to provide milk and raises the danger of mastitis. Also, when chemotherapy is offered following delivery, lots of the medications look in breast milk, which could harm the newborn.[271]
肿瘤在其生长过程中，虽然能够暂时通过建立新生血管解决自身给养问题，但是快速的增长一样会将之推向资源和空间匮乏的边缘。隨著腫瘤細胞持續生長，在這樣競爭的壓力下，这时肿瘤就会扩散。而这种肿瘤在生长过程中侵略性不断增加的过程则被称为演进（development）。具体的行为则是生长的加快，并且开始入侵周遭的正常组织（癌症浸润），并且通过血管转移到远端（癌症转移）。
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The impacted genes are divided into two broad types. Oncogenes are genes that advertise mobile growth and copy. Tumor suppressor genes are genes that inhibit mobile division and survival. Malignant transformation can occur throughout the development of novel oncogenes, the inappropriate over-expression of typical oncogenes, or via the below-expression or disabling of tumor suppressor genes.
惡性腫瘤的命名通常使用其發生器官的拉丁文或希臘文作為字首，上述類別則作為字根來命名。對於常見的癌症，有時會使用英文的器官名來代替希臘或拉丁文名。例如，最普遍的乳癌類型即名為ductal carcinoma from the breast或者是mammary ductal carcinoma。而在中文领域，则分为两种情况。如果该恶性肿瘤是上皮组织来源的，则在上皮名称后面加一“癌”字。如果是间叶组织来源的，则被称为肉瘤。例如，生長在肝臟的惡性腫瘤命名即為肝臟上皮細胞腫瘤（英语：hepatocellular carcinoma），或简称为更常见的“肝癌”；發生在脂肪細胞則稱作脂肪肉瘤。而骨肉瘤则是间叶组织来源的。如果一恶性肿瘤既有癌的成分，又有肉瘤成分，则被称为癌肉瘤。
Cytogenetics and immunohistochemistry are other kinds of tissue exams. These assessments supply information about molecular adjustments (including mutations, fusion genes and numerical chromosome alterations) and may As a result also point out the prognosis and very best remedy.
癌症源于正常细胞转变为肿瘤细胞的多阶段过程，通常从癌前病变发展到恶性肿瘤。这些变化是一个人的遗传因素与三种外部因素相互作用的结果，外部因素包括：
Huge-scale mutations include the deletion or achieve of a part of a chromosome. Genomic amplification occurs whenever a cell gains copies (often twenty 癌症 or maybe more) of a small chromosomal locus, typically containing a number of oncogenes and adjacent genetic product. Translocation takes place when two individual chromosomal areas grow to be abnormally fused, usually in a attribute spot.
A person strategy about why those with cancer are blamed or stigmatized, called the just-environment fallacy, is that blaming most cancers about the affected person's actions or attitudes will allow the blamers to regain a way of Regulate.
準確的癌症分期與診斷對於癌症的治療相當重要，癌症治療的原則是先確立治療目標，主要目標則可分為治癒癌症、延長生命、減輕痛苦及安寧療護四大類，常見的治療方式有以下幾項。
第一步——基因突变，当正常细胞（米色）中的某些细胞（橙色）发生基因突变， 使其在正常状态下增殖的倾向增加时，肿瘤就开始发展了。